ILL

THE FAILURE OF THE  PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION MADE BY THE TRAITOROUS JEALOUSY  OF EMILIO  AGUINALDO

The Philippine Revolution 1898

2. The Revolution  began in 1896 and really ended only in 1901.  At first it was a war of independence against the SPAIN.

3. The Revolution Begins  After the discovery of the katipunan, Bonifacio gathered his men in the hills of balintawak.  August 26, 1896, the fiery Bonifacio stopped all the talking. “there is no other way,” he told them, “enough is enough!”

4. Causes of the Revolution  the abuses of Spanish officials and priests  Persecution of Filipino leaders who defended the rights of their fellow countrymen  Filipinos desire to regain their independence  Discovery of the Katipunan and Bonifacio’s call for revolution

5. The Discovery of the Katipunan  Father Mariano Gil was the parish curate of Tondo Manila.He was one of the friars who had earlier warned the Spanish civil authorities about the existence of a secret society.  He immediately rushed to the headquarters of the Manila Police.

6. The Cry of Pugadlawin  Bonifacio wanted the wealthy Filipinos to help finance the Katipunan in its struggle to free the country from Spain .He ordered some of his trusted men to approach the rich Filipinos Like Francisco Roxas.Some refused to help the Katipunan,with a few exceptions like the physician ,Dr. Pio Valenzuela

7. The Cry of Pugadlawin  Bonifacio decided to move to Balintawak.He ordered his “Runners” to inform all Katipuneros that there would be a meeting in Balintawak with about 500 Katipuneros .  This event which happened on Aug 23,is known as the Cry of Pugadlawin.It symbolized the determination of the Filipinos to fight for independence even unto death

8. The Fighting Begins  Bonifacio advised his men to retreat to another sitio called Pasong Tamo.The rebels,believing their weapons were inferior to those of the civil guards,also retreated towards Balara, From here they proceeded to Marikina and on to Hagdang Bato.On Aug 28,Bonifacio issued a manifesto telling the people to take up the Filipino cause.He also set the attack on the city of Manila for Aug 29,1896

9. Martial Law  The first shots of the Philippine Revolution were fired the next day between several Katipuneros and a patrol of Spanish civil guards. That happened in the sitio of Pasong Tamo in Kalookan. However, the first real battle of the revolution took place on August 30, 1896. Bonifacio, with about 800 Katipuneros, attacked the Spanish arsenal in San Juan del Monte, which is now the municipality of San Juan in Metro Manila. The Spaniards were outnumbered and weak. But reinforcements turned the tide in their favor. The Katipuneros were forced to retreat. They left more than 150 Katipuneros dead and many more captured.  The revolution spread to several Luzon provinces nearby. This prompted Governor-General Ramon Blanco to place the first eight provinces to revolt against Spanish sovereignty under martial law. They were Manila, Laguna, Bulacan, Batangas, Cavite, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Nueva Ecija.

10. Martial Law  Governor-General Blanco also included in the decree the condition that anyone who would surrender within 48 hours after its publication would not be tried in military courts. Some Katipuneros were duped into surrendering, only to be subjected to torture. Due to torture, some Katipuneros revealed the names of some of the other Katipuneros.  Hundreds of suspects were arrested and imprisoned. Those from the provinces were brought to Manila. Fort Santiago became so crowded that many Filipinos who were thrown there for suspicion of involvement in the revolution were suffocated to death. Hundreds of heads of families were transported to the Carolines or to the Spanish penal colony in faraway Africa.

11. Aguinaldo and Filipinos victory  The greatest victory in battle of the Filipino was won by Emilio Aguinaldo in the battle of Binakayan, Cavite on November 9 to 11, 1896  The Filipinos freedom fighters fought with crude weapons; bolos, clubs, stones, bamboo spears, old muskets, and homemade guns (paltik).

12. Emilio Aguinaldo  At 17 years old, he was elected a barangay head (cabeza de barangay)  At 26 years old he became the captain (municipal mayor) of Kawit, like his late father  He was also elected as a President of the first Revolutionary Government by the Tejeros Assembly

13.  On November 1, 1897, Aguinaldo was again elected President of the Biak-na- bato Republic.  On June 23,1898 to January 23, 1899 he became president of the second revolutionary Government.  January 23, 1899 he became president of the first Philippine Republic  President Aguinaldo was captured by the Americans at Palawan, Isabela on March 23, 1901.He surrendered and the Philippine became a colony of the United states

14.  Hilaria del Rosario-The first wife of Aguinaldo. They had seven children.  After his first wife died, he married Maria Agoncillo.  President Aguinaldo died at the Veterans Hospital in Quezon City on February 6, 1964, at the age of 95.  His mansion at Kawit Cavite is now a national shrine.

15. Melchora Aquino  Melchora' Aquino de Ramos (January 6, 1812 – March 2, 1919) was a Filipina revolutionary who became known as "Tandang Sora" ("Elder Sora") because of her age.  She is also known as the "Grand Woman of the Revolution" and the "Mother of Balintawak" for her contributions.

16. Rizal Execution

17. •Tejeros Assembly  On March 22, 1897, the Magdiwang and Magdalo councils met once more, this time at the friar estate house in Tejeros, a barrio of San Francisco de Malabon. This convention proved even stormier than the Imus meeting and, as in Imus, the declared objective of the meeting was not even discussed.  According to Jacinto Lumbreras, a Magdiwang and first presiding officer of the Tejeros convention, the meeting had been called to adopt measure for the defense of Cavite. Again this subject was not discussed, and instead, the assembled leaders, including the Magdiwangs, decided to elect the officers of the revolutionary government, thus unceremoniously discarding the Supreme Council of the Katipunan under whose standard the people had been fighting and would continue to fight.

18. Another Meeting at Tejeros  Aguinaldo, who was at Pasong Santol, a barrio of Dasmariñas, was notified the following day of his election to the Presidency. At first, he refused to leave his men who were preparing to fight the enemy, but his elder brother, Crispulo Aguinaldo, persuaded him to take the oath of office, promising to take his place and would not allow the enemy to overrun the place without dying in its defense. Aguinaldo then acceded to his brother's request and proceeded to Santa Cruz del Malabon (now Tanza), where he and the others elected the previous day, with the exception of Bonifacio, took their oath of office.

19.  Meanwhile, Bonifacio and his men, numbering forty-five, again met at the estate-house of Tejeros on March 23. All of them felt bad about the results of the previous day's proceedings, for they believed that anomalies were committed during the balloting. Convinced that the election held was invalid, they drew up a document, now called the Acta de Tejeros, in which they gave their reasons for not adopting the results of the convention held the previous day.  From Tejeros, Bonifacio and his men proceeded to Naik in order to be as far as possible from Magdalo men who, they thought, were responsible for the commission of anomalies during the Tejeros election. Aguinaldo, wanting to bring back Bonifacio to the fold, sent a delegation to him to persuade him to cooperate with the newly constituted government. But Bonifacio refused to return to the revolutionary fold headed by Aguinaldo.

20. The Naik Military Agreement  Bonifacio's anger over what he considered an irregular election and the insult heaped on him by Daniel Tirona, a Magdalo, rankled for long. At Naik, they drew up another document in which they resolved to establish a government independent of, and separate from, that established at Tejeros. An army was to be organized "by persuasion or force" and a military commander of their own choice was to take command of it.  Among the forty-one men who signed it were Bonifacio, Artemio Ricarte, Pio del Pilar and Severino de las Alas. The document posed a potential danger to the cause of the Revolution, for it meant a definite split in the ranks of the revolutionists and an almost certain defeat in the face of a united and well-armed enemy.

21. The Execution of Bonifacio

22. The Government of Central Luzon

23. The Biak-na-bato Republic  Maragondon, Cavite, became the new rebel capital after the Spanish forces had captured Naic. However, many of the Spanish soldiers had just arrived from Spain and they suffered greatly from the tropical climate.  General Camilo de Polavieja requested that he be relieved as governor-general. On April 23, 1897, he was replaced by former governor-general of the Philippines, Fernando Primo de Rivera. Against Primo de Rivera, Aguinaldo and his men were forced to retreat to Batangas Province by Spanish forces.  The Spaniards gained control of practically the whole of Cavite. Thus, Primo de Rivera extended a decree granting pardon for those Filipinos surrendering beyond the initial deadline of May 17. There were some Filipinos who took advantage, but the others continued their fight.

24. The Biak-na-bato Republic  After the death of Bonifacio, the revolutionary went from bad to worse for thefilipinos.  Lasted only a short time, from November 1 to December 30, 1897.  Aguinaldo was again elected as President of the biaknabato Republic

25. Pact of Biak-na-Bato  The Pact of Biak-na-Bato, signed on December 14, 1897, created a truce between Spanish colonial Governor-GeneralFernando Primo de Rivera and the revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo to end the Philippine Revolution. Aguinaldo and his fellow revolutionaries were given amnesty and monetary indemnity by the Spanish Government, in return for which the revolutionary government would go into exile in Hong Kong. Aguinaldo had decided to use the money to purchase advance firearms and ammunition later on return to the archipelago

26. The Filipino negotiators for the Pact of Biak-na- Bato. Seated from left to right: Pedro Paterno and Emilio Aguinaldo with five companions

27. The Failure of the Truce  The death of Bonifacio was a turning point in the Revolution. The stewardship of the Revolution was left to Aguinaldo and the elite. But the Filipinos and the Spaniards faced a long haul. Aguinaldo’s troops were being routed in Cavite and, thus, his revolutionary government moved to the more secluded Biak-na- Bato in Bulacan. At this time, Aguinaldo’s commitment to the revolutionary cause became suspect. His military advisers persuaded him to issue a declaration that his Biak-na-Bato government was willing to return to the fold of law as soon as Spain granted political reforms. These reforms included the expulsion of the hated Spanish friars and the return of lands they appropriated from the Filipinos; Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes; freedom of the press and religious tolerance; equality in treatment and payment for both peninsular and insular civil servants; and equality for all before the law. This pronouncement by Aguinaldo proved that he and the ilustrados were willing to return to the Spanish fold provided there were reforms and the ilustrado interests were met.

28.  The standoff in the battlefield prompted both sides to agree to an armistice. The Truce of Biak-na-Bato stipulated that Spain would pay financial remuneration to the Filipino revolutionaries in exchange for the surrender of arms and the voluntary exile abroad of Aguinaldo and the other leaders. Toward the end of December 1898, Aguinaldo and the other revolutionary leaders went into voluntary exile in Hong Kong and they were given the initial sum of 400,000 pesos, most of which were deposited in a Hongkong bank and used later on to purchase more weapons. Distrust on both sides resulted in the failure of the truce. Both sides were only biding time until they could launch another offensive.!

 

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A  FLYING AIRCRAFT CARRIER MADE OF SUPER WOOD AND CARBON FIBER OR A LIGHT METAL COMPOSITE THAT FLOATS IN WATER POWERED BY ANTI GRAVITY PROPULSION

Depending upon mission needs, the ship can be outfitted with different modules that include:
■Manned aircraft, such as a helicopter and flight crew

 ■Manned and X-47 Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV)

■Amphivious assault ship armed with laser, SAM and anti ship missles

Manned and Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle

Maybe the title’s “antigravity spaceship” aim is too high (it’s a long way ’till there), but Tesla, followed by other scientists along the last century, discovered the principle of propulsion using strong electromagnetic fields. It’s not about traveling on the ground, but from the ground up, with extraordinary speed and ease.
The entire document is posted on panaceauniversity.org/D8.pdf, here is a short description of what the “spaceship” does and how it can be built, as described by Patrick J. Kelly (update: the document I mentioned in 2008 doesn’t exist anymore) :
“Tesla performed an experiment in which he applied high-voltage high-frequency alternating current to a pair of parallel metal plates. He found that the ‘space’ between the plates became what he described as “solid-state” exhibiting the attributes of mass, inertia and momentum. That is, the area transformed into a state against which a mechanical push could be exerted. This implied that, using this technique, it should be possible to produce a spaceship drive anywhere in space, if the mechanism for thrusting against the ‘solid-state’ space could be determined. Further experiments convinced Tesla that powerful electromagnetic waves could be used to push against (and pull against) what appears to be ’empty space’. The drive principle is based on the Hall-effect used in semiconductor magnetic sensors, and is called the magnetohydrodynamic (“MHD”) effect. This might be illustrated like this:

Here, a box is constructed with two metal plates forming opposite sides and two insulating plates holding them in position and surrounding an area of ‘space’. High-frequency, high-voltage alternating current is applied to the metal plates and this creates an electric field “E” acting between the plates as shown in black.

A magnetic field “B” is generated by the electrical field. The magnetic field acts at right-angles to the electric field, as shown in blue. These two fields produce a propulsion thrust “F” shown in red in the diagram. This propulsion force is not produced by ejecting any matter out of the box, instead, it is produced by a reaction against the ‘solid-state’ condition of space-time caused by the high-frequency electromagnetic pulsing of that area of space. This is enormously more effective than a jet engine. The thrust increases with the fourth power of the frequency, so if you double the frequency, the effect is sixteen times greater.

To put this into perspective, consider the force being applied against gravity to lift an object into the air. The force pulling the object downwards is gravity and its strength is given by:

Gravitational force:

F = g x M x m / r2

where

G is the gravitational constant (6.672 x 10-8 cm3 g-1 s-2)

M is the mass of the first body

m is the mass of the second body and

r is distance between the two centres of mass

The lifting force is given by:

Lorentz Force: Force on an object = Electric force + Magnetic force

F = q x E + q x v x B

where

q is the charge on the object,

B is the magnetic field,

v is the velocity of the object and

E is the electric field

How do these forces compare? Well, the electromagnetic force is stronger than the gravitational force by a factor of about 2,200,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 times. That number (2.2 x 1039) is too big for anybody to really visualise, so let me put it another way.

If the amount of energy used to mechanically lift an object a distance of one hundredth of an inch (one quarter of a millimetre) off the ground, were used as an electromagnetic lifting force, then that amount of energy would lift the object more than 3,472,222,000,000,000,000,000,000 miles off the ground, or in metric units, more than 5,588,001,700,000,000,000,000,000 kilometres off the ground. This kind of drive is an entirely different kind of animal. This Hall-effect type of drive if used in a spaceship would require only a very small amount of input power to drive the ship at great speeds and over great distances.

As the device shown above operates directly on the space-time field which penetrates all matter, there would appear to be no reason why it should not be used to drive a conventional vehicle by positioning it in a horizontal position rather than the vertical position shown in the diagram. Throttle operation could be by very slight adjustment to the frequency of the AC pulses applied to the metal plates. However, Bill Lyne indicates that horizontal movement is better achieved by producing Tesla’s very short, high-voltage high-frequency DC pulses at the front of the vehicle while at the same time generating very high-voltage high-frequency AC waves at the back of the vehicle. This style of drive is said to pull the vehicle along rather than push it along.

Tesla’s Dynamic Theory of Gravity (1897) states that all bodies emit microwaves whose voltage and frequency are determined by their electrical contents and relative motion. He measured the microwave radiation of the earth as being only a few centimetres in wavelength. He said that the frequency and voltage were influenced by the velocity and mass of the earth, and that its gravitational interaction with other bodies, such as the sun, was determined by the interaction of the microwaves between the two bodies.

If you find the concept of producing a driving force through pushing against the space-time continuum to be difficult to accept, then perhaps you should consider the US Patent granted to Boris Volfson on 1st November 2005. The important thing about this patent (which is crammed full of long words) is not whether or not it presents a realistic mechanism for a practical space drive, but the fact that the US Patent Office in the year 2005, granted the patent after what presumably was careful consideration. With that in view, it is hardly possible to consider Tesla to have been totally confused when he designed (and built) his “electric flying machine” which operated by pushing against the space-time field.

Tesla used high voltage at gigahertz frequencies for his electropulsion system. The propulsion of a vehicle powered by a Tesla drive is by the use of an additional AC generator at the back (which stiffens the space-time continuum behind the vehicle) and a DC ‘brush’ generator at the front (which weakens the space-time continuum in front, causing the vehicle to be pulled forwards).

Tesla was very astute. He deduced that ’empty space’ actually contained:

1. Independent carriers which permeate all space and all matter and from which all matter is made. These carry momentum, magnetism, electricity or electromagnetic force, and can be manipulated artificially or by nature.

2. ‘Primary Solar Rays’ (starlight) which travel at the speed of light, having frequencies far above X-rays, gamma and UV radiation.

3. ‘Cosmic Rays’, particles in space propelled by the Primary Solar Rays.

4. X-rays, Gamma rays and UV electromagnetic waves, all of which travel at the speed of light.

5. Ordinary visible and Infra-Red electromagnetic waves which travel at the speed of light.

6. Rapidly varying electrostatic force of enormous potential, emanating from the earth and other gravitational bodies in space.

When we grasp the actual nature of the universe, it becomes clear that we have a much larger range of opportunities for producing usable energy in large quantities and at minimal cost.”

MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION

For anti gravity propulsion Dielectric Materials or, insulating material which is a very poor conductor of electric current is needed for the body of the ship. When dielectrics are placed in an electric field, practically no current flows in them because, unlike metals, they have no loosely bound, or free, electrons that may drift through the material. Instead, electric polarization occurs.

Dielectric typically means materials with a high polarizability. The latter is expressed by a number called the relative permittivity. The term insulator is generally used to indicate electrical obstruction while the term dielectric is used to indicate the energy storing capacity of the material (by means of polarization). A common example of a dielectric is wood which  is the electrically insulating material between the metallic plates of a capacitor. The polarization of the dielectric by the applied electric field increases the capacitor's surface charge for the given electric field strength.

Super wood that is so strong it can stop a bullet and is as robust as STEEL could be the building material of the ship. Engineers boiled blocks of regular wood in a chemical solution to soften them. These were then pressed between heated metal plates at extreme pressures. This increasing its density threefold while reducing its thickness by 20 per cent. The resulting material was able to stop a projectile in its tracks during tests. Super wood that is as robust as steel and six times lighter could be a renewable construction material for the future, according to scientists. Planks of the reinforced lumber, which researchers have compared to carbon-fibre, could be used to create anything from buildings and cars to bullet proof jackets. Scientists put the material through its  paces in ballistic tests and found that a laminated version could even stop a projectile in its tracks. 

A new wonder material has been created from a surprisingly traditional source. Super wood is as robust as steel and six times lighter. Scientists put the material through its paces in ballistic tests and found that a specially laminated version can stop a projectile in its tracks

Engineers at the University of Maryland created their super dense wood by boiling blocks of regular wood in a water-based solution, containing the chemicals sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfite.

This process removed organic compounds in the wood that give its structure and rigidity, making it more pliable.shares

It is similar to the initial stages of treating wood to create paper. 

The team then pressed the softened wood between two metal plates, heated to 100°C (212°F), at 50 times the atmospheric pressure of the Earth. 

By doing so, all of the gaps between cells in the wood were squeezed together.

'Super wood' strong as steel can stop a bullet

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The pressure creates a chemical bond between the atoms that make up the wood's cellular structure.

It shrunk the size of the block to around one fifth of its original thickness, increasing its density by 300 per cent. 

Liangbing Hu, who led the research, said: 'This new way to treat wood makes it 12 times stronger than natural wood and ten times tougher.

'This could be a competitor to steel or even titanium alloys, it is so strong and durable. 

'It's also comparable to carbon fiber, but much less expensive. 

The team tested the new wood material and natural wood by shooting bullet-like projectiles at it. 

Engineers at the University of Maryland created their super wood by boiling blocks of regular wood in a water-based solution containing the chemicals sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfite

This process removed organic compounds in the wood that give its structure and rigidity, making it more pliable. This image shows the treatment process used

The projectile blew straight through the natural wood, while a single layer of the treated wood slowed the projectile's progress.

A third laminated version, consisting of layers of five-layers of the densified wood, was penetrated by the projectile but stopped it from exiting.

Dr Hu's research team has explored the capacities of wood's natural nanotechnology in the past.

WHAT IS THE STRONGEST MAN-MADE MATERIAL?

For years, researchers have known that carbon, when arranged in a certain way, can be very strong.

Two man-made materials based on carbon, Graphene and Carbyne, are among the strongest in the world.

Carbyne is linear acetylenic carbon, or an infinitely long carbon chain.

Its existence was first proposed in 1885 by Adolf von Baeyer, who warned it would remain elusive due to extreme instability.

Carbyne is a one-dimensional form of carbon and is thought to be 40 times stiffer than diamond and twice as stiff as graphene, outperforming all other carbon materials in strength.

After eluding scientists for more than 50 years, a team of researchers found a way to not only synthesize carbyne, but to mass produce it, in April 2016.

Graphene, a single atomic layer of carbon atoms bound in a hexagonal network, was previously thought to be the strongest man-made substance.

It not only promises to revolutionize semiconductor, sensor, and display technology, but could also lead to breakthroughs in fundamental quantum physics research.

It is often depicted as an atomic-scale chicken wire made of carbon atoms and their bonds.

Learn all about Graphene and it's applications

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Scientists believe it could one day be used to make transparent conducting materials, biomedical sensors and even extremely light, yet strong, aircraft of the future.

Similar to another important nanomaterial - carbon nanotubes - graphene is incredibly strong - around 200 times stronger than structural steel.  

While notable for its thinness and unique electrical properties, it’s very difficult to create useful, three-dimensional materials out of graphene.

In January, 2017, a team of MIT researchers discovered that taking small flakes of graphene and fusing them following a mesh-like structure not only retains the material’s strength, but the graphene also remains porous. 

Based on experiments conducted on 3D printed models, they determined that this new material can be used to make objects 10 times stronger than steel, with only five per cent of its density. They have previously made a range of technologies out of nanocellulose related materials.

This has included super clear paper for replacing plastic, photonic paper for improving solar cell efficiency by 30 per cent and transparent wood for energy efficient buildings.

The full findings of the latest study were published in the journal Nature.

The pressure creates a chemical bond between the atoms that make up the wood's cellular structure. It shrunk the size of the block to around one fifth of its original thickness, increasing its density by 300 per cent. This image shows the changes in the various wood samples

The team tested the new wood material and natural wood by shooting bullet-like projectiles at it. This image shows the results of those tests

Materials of construction shall be that can float on water: Radical new material a metal matrix could lead to 'indestructible' warships and ultralight cars. Metal matrix composite was developed with the US Army. Alloy is turned into foam by adding strong, lightweight hollow spheres. Warship made of it will not sink despite damage to its structure. Researchers have demonstrated a new type of metal so light it can float on water.

The radical new material, called a metal matrix composite, was developed with the US Army.

A boat made of such lightweight composites will not sink despite damage to its structure.

The radical new material, called a metal matrix composite, was developed with the US Army and could be used in everything from warship to cars.

HOW IT IS MADE

The syntactic foam captures the lightness of foams, but adds substantial strength.

The secret of this syntactic foam starts with a matrix made of a magnesium alloy, which is then turned into foam by adding strong, lightweight silicon carbide hollow spheres developed and manufactured by DST.

A single sphere's shell can withstand pressure of over 25,000 pounds per square inch (PSI) before it ruptures—one hundred times the maximum pressure in a fire hose.

The new material also promises to improve automotive fuel economy because it combines light weight with heat resistance

Although syntactic foams have been around for many years, this is the first development of a lightweight metal matrix syntactic foam.

'This new development of very light metal matrix composites can swing the pendulum back in favor of metallic materials,' said Nikhil Gupta, an NYU School of Engineering professor in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and the study's co-author.

It was created by Deep Springs Technology and the New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering.

'The ability of metals to withstand higher temperatures can be a huge advantage for these composites in engine and exhaust components, quite apart from structural parts.'

The magnesium alloy matrix composite is reinforced with silicon carbide hollow particles and has a density of only 0.92 grams per cubic centimeter compared to 1.0 g/cc of water.

Not only does it have a density lower than that of water, it is strong enough to withstand the rigorous conditions faced in the marine environment.Significant efforts in recent years have focused on developing lightweight polymer matrix composites to replace heavier metal-based components in automobiles and marine vessels.

The technology for the new composite is very close to maturation and could be put into prototypes for testing within three years.

Amphibious vehicles such as the Ultra Heavy-lift Amphibious Connector (UHAC) being developed by the U.S. Marine Corps can especially benefit from the light weight and high buoyancy offered by the new syntactic foams, the researchers explained.

The syntactic foam made by DST and NYU captures the lightness of foams, but adds substantia strength.

CURRENT  DESIGN OF  AN ENGINE SUITABLE FOR A FLYING  AIRCRAFT CARRIER

The first X-45A Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV) technology demonstrator completed its sixth flight on Dec. 19, 2002, raising its landing gear in flight for the first time. The X-45A flew for 40 minutes and reached an airspeed of 195 knots and an altitude of 7,500 feet.

Credits: NASA Photo / Jim Ross Flying ships invulnerable to super cavitating torpedos

The Joint Unmanned Combat Air Systems (J-UCAS) program was a joint DARPA/Air Force/Navy effort to demonstrate the technical feasibility, utility and value for a networked system of high performance, unmanned air vehicles to effectively and affordably prosecute 21st century combat missions, including

suppression of enemy air defenses, surveillance, and precision strike within the emerging global command and control architecture. One of the aircraft systems evaluated was the Boeing X-45A, for which NASA Dryden provided technical expertise and support facilities.

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